30 | Vindhya Pradesh States

The princely states that formed Vindhya Pradesh were a group of 35 small states located between what were then the United Provinces and the Central Province, primarily from the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand regions. Rewa was the largest and most important state among them. Many of the states were exceedingly small, with at least fifteen having an area of less than 50 square miles and two less than 10 square miles. Their populations were largely poor and backward, lacking even basic amenities. The region as a whole was considered among the most backward in India. The states faced significant financial and administrative difficulties. Some small states had annual incomes of less than Rs 50,000 (Menon, 1956; Zubrzycki, 2023).

There was a long history of friction between the Rewa state and its Baghelkhand neighbors, and the Bundelkhand states. Initially, two separate governments functioned within the Union - one for Rewa and another for the Bundelkhand states, due to chronic jealousy. The popular ministry formed within the Union collapsed. For ten months after the ministry's resignation in April 1949, there was continual dissension among Congress Party leaders in the region. Rewa itself was described as being ‘in a mess’, with no civic amenities or infrastructure, and its young Maharaja lacking the experience or will to rule. The Maharaja of Rewa, Gulab Singh, had to be forcibly deposed. The integration process was complicated by the personal ambitions of the rulers. While some rulers willingly cooperated, others were initially reluctant or expressed concerns about maintaining their identity and power (Menon, 1956; Zubrzycki, 2023).

Despite rulers signing agreements, public opinion was a significant factor. For instance, a mob of about two thousand people blocked V.P. Menon's car in Rewa, protesting against the merger with any province and demanding to be consulted. The Vindhya Pradesh Congress Committee also passed a resolution against the proposed disintegration of the Union. There were also difficulties in merging these states with the neighboring United Provinces or Central Provinces, as the UP was already very large and the Central Provinces had recently absorbed the Chattisgarh States. Adding further undeveloped tracts was not seen as beneficial (Basu, 2020; Menon, 1956).

The integration occurred in two phases:

• Formation of the Union: Initially, the states were grouped together to form the United State of Vindhya Pradesh in March 1948. The majority of rulers supported the name "Vindhya Pradesh". This union was seen as a way to temporarily include all states, leaving territorial adjustments for later negotiation and to balance Rewa's dominance. Due to the severe economic and political backwardness, and the ongoing internal dissensions and administrative issues, it became clear that Vindhya Pradesh could not function effectively as a Union of States.

• Conversion to Chief Commissioner’s Province: Sardar Patel and V. P. Menon decided to intervene. Menon explained to the rulers that the Union was a financial and administrative liability and that Sardar Patel desired its merger with neighboring provinces. He emphasized that cooperation with the Government of India was in their best interest to avoid losing their privy purses if their states were taken over due to agitation. The Maharaja of Rewa was persuaded to allow the States Ministry to step in and manage affairs, particularly given the poor state of his administration and his own inexperience. The States Ministry insisted that the Maharaja of Rewa, as Rajpramukh, appoint central government officials as ministers.

After discussions, the rulers signed a merger agreement in December 1949, which formally abrogated their initial covenant and ceded full and exclusive authority, jurisdiction and powers to the Dominion Government. This ensured complete legal transfer of power. This step was taken urgently before the new Constitution of India came into force on January 26, 1950, as territorial changes after that date would require parliamentary sanction. On January 1, 1950, Vindhya Pradesh was officially taken over by the Centre and administered as a Chief Commissioner's Province. To make the agreement legally watertight, the Maharaja of Rewa was uniquely required to sign the merger agreement both as the Rajpramukh of the dissolved Union and as the individual ruler of Rewa.

The Privy Purses were generally fixed based on the ‘Eastern States formula,’ using the 1945-46 revenue as a basis. However, minor concessions were made for rulers of very small non-salute states, rounding off their privy purses to specific low amounts. The conversion to a Chief Commissioner's province was initially a transitional arrangement, indicating that the long-term future would be decided later once stability and development were achieved (Menon, 1956; White Paper on Indian States, 1950).

References:

• Basu, N. (2020). VP Menon: The Unsung Architect of Modern India. Simon & Schuster India.

  
  

• Menon, V. P. (1956). The Story of Integration of the Indian states. Orient Blackswan.

  
  

• White Paper on Indian States. (1950). Ministry of States, Government of India. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/White_Paper_on_Indian_States_(1950)

  
  

• Zubrzycki, J. (2023). Dethroned: Patel, Menon and the integration of Princely India. Juggernaut Books.